{"id":381,"date":"2026-01-14T16:24:39","date_gmt":"2026-01-14T16:24:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cfder.org\/?p=381"},"modified":"2026-01-14T16:24:39","modified_gmt":"2026-01-14T16:24:39","slug":"transforming-instruction-with-technology-for-developmental-students","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cfder.org\/zh\/transforming-instruction-with-technology-for-developmental-students\/","title":{"rendered":"Thomas Brothen\u4e3a\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u6280\u672f\u8f6c\u5316\u6559\u5b66"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Reading Time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 2<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span><pre>Reprinted from the&nbsp;<i>Journal of Developmental Education<\/i>, Volume 21, Issue 3, Spring, 1998.<\/pre>\n<p><em>\u62bd\u8c61\uff1a\u4e00\u9879\u56fd\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u5584\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002 \u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u5b66\u90fd\u7531\u4ee5\u8bb2\u8bfe\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u53e4\u8001\u8303\u5f0f\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3002 \u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6280\u672f\u5411\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u5f3a\u5316\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u88ab\u52a8\u6027\u3002 \u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u6253\u7834\u8fd9\u79cd\u5448\u73b0\u8303\u5f0f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u8f6c\u53d8\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6210\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u3002 \u638c\u63e1\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b (Bloom, 1968) \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5c06\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6548\u679c\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5e7f\u6cdb\u53d1\u5c55\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p>1995\u5e74\uff0c\u660e\u5c3c\u82cf\u8fbe\u5927\u5b66\u7efc\u5408\u5b66\u9662Annenberg\/CPB\u9879\u76ee\u8d44\u52a9\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u3001\u5206\u6790\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u6709\u51737\u4e2a\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u79d1\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u6548\u679c\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u8f6c\u53d8\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4fe1\u606f \u6570\u5b66\u3001\u5199\u4f5c\u3001\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u8bed\u97f3\u4ea4\u6d41\u3001\u82f1\u8bed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u8d44\u6e90\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002 \u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a 18 \u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u522b\u9879\u76ee\u6210\u5458\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6587\u732e\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u641c\u7d22\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86 Listserv \u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u8054\u7cfb\u4e86\u540c\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e76\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bfb\u627e\u6709\u5173\u65b0\u5174\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\u3002 \u9879\u76ee\u56e2\u961f\u5411\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u534f\u4f1a\u548c\u793e\u533a\u5b66\u9662\u521b\u65b0\u8054\u76df\u7684\u6210\u5458\u53d1\u9001\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u63a5\u53d7\u8005\u63cf\u8ff0\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6b63\u5728\u6539\u53d8\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff08\u5982\u679c\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5458\uff09\u4f7f\u7528\u6280\u672f\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5728\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u4f7f\u7528\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u884c\u540e\u7eed\u8054\u7cfb\u3002 \u7136\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u56e2\u961f\u5411\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f6e\u8c03\u67e5\u4e2d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u548c\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u53d1\u9001\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u8be2\u95ee\u6709\u5173\u8f6c\u578b\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u9879\u76ee\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u4e07\u7ef4\u7f51\uff08http:\/\/www.gen.umn.edu\/research\/currtran\/\uff09\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u5e76\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4f7f\u7528\u51e0\u79cd\u901a\u7528\u6280\u672f\u7684\u521b\u65b0\uff1a\u9876\u7f6e\u6295\u5f71\u3001\u89c6\u9891\u548c\u97f3\u9891\u8bbe\u5907\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u624b\u6301\u8ba1\u7b97\u5668\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u548c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\/\u5168\u7403 \u7f51\u7edc\/\u7f51\u7edc\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b66\u79d1\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5229\u7528\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u6280\u672f\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u5584\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002 \u7f8e\u56fd\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u9662\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u6bcf\u5e74\u7ea6\u6709 150 \u4e07\u5b66\u751f\u53c2\u52a0\uff08Cush &amp; Buskist\uff0c1997\uff09\u3002 \u5c3d\u7ba1\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u751f\u53d1\u73b0\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5165\u95e8\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6c89\u91cd\u6982\u5ff5\u8d1f\u8377\u5f88\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3b\u9898\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f25\u8865\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u9664\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u57fa\u4e8e\u5065\u5168\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u7684\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8fc8\u5c14\u65af\uff0c1995 \u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4e3a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e72\u9884\u63aa\u65bd\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cBrothen (1992, 1994) \u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7ec3\u4e60\u6765\u8bc4\u4f30\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6280\u80fd\u5e76\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u6709\u6548\u3002 Gebelt\u3001Parilis\u3001Kramer \u548c Wilson\uff081996 \u5e74\uff09\u4f7f\u7528\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5c06\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6574\u5408\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5e38\u89c4\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u3002 \u672c\u6587\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8bba\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u9002\u5f53\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u6280\u672f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u9ad8\u5b66\u4e60\u80fd\u529b\u3002 \u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u5e76\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7528\u9014\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c55\u793a\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u6280\u672f\u548c\u6559\u79d1\u4e66<\/h2>\n<p>\u8bc4\u4f30\u4efb\u4f55\u8bfe\u7a0b\u53d1\u5c55\u6f5c\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u8d77\u70b9\u662f\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u3002 \u4ece 1930 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\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u3001\u900f\u660e\u80f6\u7247\u3001\u97f3\u9891\/\u89c6\u9891\u78c1\u5e26\u3001\u6fc0\u5149\u78c1\u76d8\u548c\u65e8\u5728\u201c\u8ba9\u8bb2\u5ea7\u201c\u6d3b\u8dc3\u201d\u7684\u5149\u76d8\u4ee5\u53ca\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5316\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5e93\u548c\u8bc4\u7ea7\u4e66\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002 \u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b66\u4e60\u6307\u5357\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6a21\u62df\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u8fd1\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e07\u7ef4\u7f51\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e2d\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6709\u5173\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u90e8\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6ce8\u5165\u548c\u4f34\u968f\u8bb8\u591a\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u901a\u5e38\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u6280\u672f\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6559\u6388\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\uff1b \u8bb2\u5ea7\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff08Brothen\uff0c1997\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u62e5\u6709\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff08Keller\uff0c1985\uff09\u3002 \u8fd9\u79cd\u652f\u914d\u4e0d\u662f\u6e90\u4e8e\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u4f18\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5b66\u751f\u4fdd\u7559\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u8f6c\u79fb\u3001\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u601d\u7ef4\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u6001\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u52a8\u673a\u65b9\u9762\u663e\u7136\u66f4\u4f18\u8d8a\uff08McKeachie\uff0c1994\uff0c\u7b2c 54 \u9875\uff09\u3002 Beins (1992) \u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u81ea 1910 \u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u8bb2\u5ea7\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7ef4\u62a4\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bb2\u5e08 (a) \u5bf9\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\u201c\u6e05\u6670\u201d\u611f\u5230\u6ee1\u610f\uff0c(b) \u5c31\u50cf\u81ea\u7531\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u542c\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8c08\u8bdd\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca (c) \u611f\u6069\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5f3a\u5316\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u5305\u88c5\u7cbe\u7f8e\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u514d\u4e8e\u601d\u8003\u3002 \u9664\u4e86\u5c11\u6570\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6279\u8bc4\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6539\u53d8\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u8bb2\u5e08\u8bb2\u8bfe\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u6559\u5bfc\u201d\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u719f\u6089\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u8212\u9002\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u6280\u672f\u521b\u65b0\u5728\u6559\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u5f53\u524d\u6280\u672f<\/h2>\n<p>\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u8bfe\u5802\u6280\u672f\u90fd\u7b26\u5408\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u4fe1\u606f\u5448\u73b0\u3002 Papert (1997) \u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u9644\u52a0\u7ec4\u4ef6\u201d\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5e2e\u52a9\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u505a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6559\u5e08\u4f7f\u7528\u89c6\u9891\u78c1\u76d8\u6765\u5c55\u793a\u8bb2\u5ea7\u4e2d\u6db5\u76d6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5219\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u4ecd\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002 Beins (1992) \u56de\u987e\u4e86\u8fc7\u53bb 6 \u5e74\u6765\u5c06\u8bb2\u5ea7\u65b9\u6cd5\u9002\u5e94\u6280\u672f\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002 \u5df2\u7ecf\u5c1d\u8bd5\u901a\u8fc7\u5e7f\u64ad\u3001\u7535\u89c6\u751a\u81f3\u7535\u8bdd\u8fdb\u884c\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5bf9\u5e94\u7269\u662f\u7531\u4ea4\u4e92\u7535\u89c6\u6559\u6388\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e07\u7ef4\u7f51\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002 \u5728\u524d\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u53ea\u662f\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u8bb2\u5ea7\u8bfe\u3002 \u5728\u540e\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u4e0b\u8f7d\u201c\u8bb2\u5ea7\u201d\uff08\u6709\u65f6\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6f14\u793a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u201c\u52a0\u9999\u201d\uff09\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8bfe\u3002 \u5df2\u7ecf\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4f7f\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6765\u8865\u5145\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff0c\u4f46 Daniel (1985) \u56de\u987e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5e76\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d6\u4ee3\u4f20\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u5fc5\u987b\u95ee\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u76ee\u524d\u5f71\u54cd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6700\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u6280\u672f\u521b\u65b0\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3002 \u7b54\u6848\u662f\uff0c\u66f4\u6362\u8bb2\u5ea7\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u5927\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u672a\u6765\u6280\u672f\u65b9\u5411<\/h2>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u4e86\u89e3\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u8be5\u671d\u7740\u6280\u672f\u8d70\u5411\u4f55\u65b9\u3002 \u5728\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0cTwigg (1994a, 1994b, 1994c) \u5c06\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8bb2\u5ea7\u8bfe\u5802\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u8fc7\u65f6\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u6280\u672f\u3002 \u5979\u547c\u5401\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b66\u4e60\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5408\u4f5c\u5b66\u4e60\u793e\u533a\u4e2d\u76f8\u4e92\u72ec\u7acb\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u6d4b\u8bd5\u548c\u52a0\u5f3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u5e76\u6446\u8131\u4f20\u7edf\u5b66\u672f\u5b66\u671f\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u65f6\u95f4\u9650\u5236\u3002 \u5979\u5e0c\u671b\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5728\u6280\u672f\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u9003\u907f\u65af\u91d1\u7eb3\uff081984\uff09\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u5e94\u8be5\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u65f6\u5e94\u8be5\u53d6\u5f97\u4ec0\u4e48\u6210\u5c31 \u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8bb2\u5ea7\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b0\u613f\u666f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Lepper \u548c Guertner (1989) \u56de\u987e\u4e86\u51e0\u9879\u835f\u8403\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e86\u6570\u767e\u9879\u5173\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u6559\u5b66\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u4e2a\u4eba\u3001\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u7814\u7a76\u3002 \u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u9002\u5ea6\u3001\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u80fd\u529b\u8f83\u4f4e\u6216\u8865\u6551\u201d\uff08\u7b2c 175 \u9875\uff09\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f71\u54cd\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 \u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u662f\u6700\u8fd1\u7531\u793e\u533a\u5b66\u9662\u521b\u65b0\u8054\u76df (Johnson &amp; Perez, 1996) \u8d5e\u52a9\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u6559\u5b66\u5bf9\u53d1\u80b2\u5b66\u751f\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0\u4eba\u4eec\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d1\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u68a6\u60f3\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4ea7\u751f\u592a\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 \u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002 \u5c3d\u7ba1 Stoloff \u548c Couch (1992) \u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4f7f\u7528\u76ee\u5f55\uff0cHornby and Anderson (1990) \u6536\u96c6\u5e76\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e86\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7528\u4e8e\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684 18 \u4e2a\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u4f46\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u62a5\u544a \u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u6559\u6388\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u6587\u732e\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u5b66\u300b\uff08Ware &amp; Johnson, 1996\uff09\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u8bba\u6587\u6458\u8981\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709 2 \u7bc7\u6d89\u53ca\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u6280\u672f\u6765\u6559\u6388\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3002 \u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u4e4b\u524d\u8be6\u8ff0\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u6559\u80b2\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u5b66\u6ca1\u6709\u592a\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0cEly (1996) \u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u793e\u533a\u4e2d\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u666e\u904d\u3002 \u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u5021\u5bfc\u4f7f\u7528\u6559\u80b2\u6280\u672f\u548c\u6559\u5e08\u6210\u4e3a\u6280\u672f\u7d20\u517b\u3002 \u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u56e2\u4f53\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u786c\u4ef6\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u548c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u6ede\u540e\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u6280\u672f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5de5\u5177\u3002 \u8fd9\u9879\u6539\u9769\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4ece\u4ee5\u6559\u5e08\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u8f6c\u5411\u4ee5\u5b66\u751f\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002 Ely \u62a5\u544a\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u80af\u5b9a\u8868\u660e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5728\u6539\u53d8\u73b0\u72b6\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u6280\u672f\u76ee\u6807<\/h2>\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u8bc6\u522b\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5fc5\u987b\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u5728\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u6539\u53d8\u3002 \u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u5bf9\u8865\u6551\u6559\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u56de\u987e\u4e2d\uff0cStahl\u3001Simpson \u548c Hayes (1992) \u4e3a\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u751f\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bae\u7a0b\u3002 \u4ed6\u4eec\u8bae\u7a0b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u6559\u5e08\u5e94\u8be5\u52aa\u529b\u5e2e\u52a9\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u662f\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff1a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u6216\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u3001\u826f\u597d\u7684\u6218\u7565\u7528\u6237\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\uff0cZimmerman\uff0c1989\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Thomas \u548c Rohwer (1986) \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8c03\u8282\u3002 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\u4f7f\u201c\u66f4\u597d\u201d\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5bf9\u6559\u5e08\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u5b66\u751f\u3002 \u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u6765\u8bf4\u201c\u6709\u8da3\u201d\u7684\u6280\u672f\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u6709\u5a31\u4e50\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u5b83\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u63a8\u8fdb\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5b66\u4e60\u76ee\u6807\u5e76\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u770b\u5f85\u81ea\u5df1\u3002 \u6280\u672f\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u8f6c\u578b\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u4f7f\u5176\u6709\u6548\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u5b66\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u6280\u672f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u751f\uff1a\u5bf9\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/h2>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u6280\u672f\u5462\uff1f \u6b63\u5982 Kipnis (1994) \u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u8be5\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u51fa\u7b54\u6848\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6280\u672f\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ef4\u6301\u73b0\u72b6\u800c\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u3002 \u7eb5\u89c2\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u4f7f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7cfb\u66f4\u53ef\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u7b49\u5371\u673a\u65f6\u671f\u4fdd\u62a4\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u3002 \u540c\u6837\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8bb2\u5ea7\u65b9\u6cd5\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u4fe1\u606f\u6709\u6548\u5730\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u5927\u91cf\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8bfe\u5802\u6280\u672f\u90fd\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u7684\u3002 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\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u8303\u5f0f\u6ca1\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7684\u9644\u5c5e\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u6280\u672f\u7684\u56fa\u6709\u56f0\u96be\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u9f13\u52b1\u5176\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u9762\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u987d\u56fa\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6295\u5f71\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u4f1a\u843d\u5728\u6295\u5f71\u4eea\u4e0a\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u6295\u5f71\u4eea\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u843d\u5728\u7c89\u7b14\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7f3a\u5c11\u7c89\u7b14\uff0c\u5219\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u4eba\u58f0\uff08\u653e\u5927\u6216\u6ca1\u6709\uff09\u3002 \u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9000\u56de\u5230\u201c\u8bb2\u5ea7\u8f85\u52a9\u6280\u672f\u201d\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u5f62\u5f0f\u6ca1\u6709\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u5b66\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u95ee\u8f85\u52a9\u8bb2\u5ea7\u6280\u672f\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u503c\u5f97\u8d39\u5fc3\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53ef\u9760\u6027\uff08\u5589\u708e\u9664\u5916\uff09\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bb2\u5ea7\u65b9\u6cd5\u5177\u6709\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u5f39\u6027\uff08Keller\uff0c1985\uff09\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u5feb\u88ab\u653e\u5f03\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4ed6\u5bf9\u638c\u63e1\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8868\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0cBloom (1968) \u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u638c\u63e1\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6210\u529f\u4e0e\u5408\u683c\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e00\u6837\u6210\u529f\u3002 Keller (1968) \u7684\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u6559\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf (PSI) \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u751f\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u627f\u8bfa\u7684\u638c\u63e1\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 PSI\u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\u3002 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e66\u9762\u6750\u6599\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8bb2\u5ea7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002 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\u638c\u63e1\u7a0b\u5ea6\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6210\u529f\u5b8c\u6210\u77ed\u5355\u5143\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5355\u5143\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e3a\u4e0d\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u518d\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e4b\u524d\u5f25\u8865\u7f3a\u9677\u3002 \u6700\u540e\uff0c\u672c\u79d1\u76d1\u8003\u4eba\u5458\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u5bf9\u8003\u8bd5\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u8003\u8bd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u5bf9\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u51e0\u9879\u8bc4\u8bba\u548c\u835f\u8403\u5206\u6790\uff08Keller\uff0c1974\uff1bKulik\uff0cKulik\uff0c&amp; Bangert-Drowns\uff0c1990\uff1bKulik\uff0cKulik\uff0c&amp; Cohen\uff0c 1979; Robin, 1976; Ryan, 1974) \u53d1\u73b0\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u6559\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0cPSI \u4e2d\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u66f4\u4f18\u5f02\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u80fd\u529b\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f18\u52bf\u66f4\u5927\u3002 \u4e3a\u4e86\u8865\u5145\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u5b66\u751f\u4e2d\u57f9\u517b\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u5458 James A. Kulik \u5efa\u8bae\u5c06 PSI \u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u751f\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\uff08Bonham\uff0c1990\uff09\u3002 \u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0cPSI \u5e72\u9884\u5bf9 90% \u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6709\u76ca\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u5e38\u5c06\u5e73\u5747\u8868\u73b0\u4ece\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u7b2c 50 \u4e2a\u767e\u5206\u4f4d\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u7b2c 70 \u4e2a\u767e\u5206\u4f4d\uff08\u7b2c 17 \u9875\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u91c7\u7528 PSI \u7b49\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002 \u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u5c06\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u5df2\u88ab\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u7814\u7a76\u8bc1\u660e\u66f4\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u60ef\u6027\u800c\u5c1a\u672a\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002 \u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ec3\u4e60 Bork (1997) \u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5fc5\u987b\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u6709\u6548\u548c\u53d8\u9769\u6027\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff1a\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002 \u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u8bc4\u4f30\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u5e76\u6307\u5bfc\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5e72\u9884\u3002<\/p>\n<p>PSI \u662f\u6280\u672f\u53d8\u9769\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u7279\u522b\u80a5\u6c83\u7684\u571f\u5730\u3002 \u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u652f\u67f1\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u90fd\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u9002\u5e94\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff08\u53c2\u89c1 Brothen, 1996a; Hornby &amp; Anderson, 1996\uff09\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u4e0b\u8f7d\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5bf9\u4e66\u9762\u6750\u6599\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53e3\u5934\u6750\u6599\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u81ea\u5b9a\u8fdb\u5ea6\u548c\u638c\u63e1\u5b66\u4e60\u9700\u8981\u9002\u5e94\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u65e5\u7a0b\u5b89\u6392\u3002 \u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8bb2\u5ea7\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u201c\u9501\u5b9a\u6b65\u9aa4\u201d\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5b66\u751f\u662f\u5426\u51c6\u5907\u5c31\u7eea\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u5185\u5bb9\u3002 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u8010\u5fc3\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5b66\u751f\u51c6\u5907\u597d\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u638c\u63e1\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fdb\u5ea6\u53cd\u9988\u3002 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5316\u8bc4\u4f30\u8bbe\u5907\uff08\u6d4b\u9a8c\u3001\u9884\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3001\u6f14\u4e60\u7b49\uff09\u544a\u8bc9\u5b66\u751f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u6750\u6599\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002 \u5b83\u4eec\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5185\u5bb9\u5b66\u4e60\u4ee5\u53ca\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5f53\u524d\u6216\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u65b0\u5b66\u4e60\u7b56\u7565\u3002 \u51ed\u501f\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u6559\u5b66\u65b0\u624b\uff08Brothen\uff0c1995\uff09\u7684\u521b\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bfe\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u672a\u6765\u65b9\u5411\uff1a\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/h2>\n<p>\u67e5\u770b\u6280\u672f\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4ece\u8fdb\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u501f\u6765\u7684\u4e58\u6570\u6548\u5e94\u6982\u5ff5\uff08Wilson\uff0c1975\uff09\u3002 \u4e58\u6570\u6548\u5e94\u662f\u6307\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff09\u4e0a\u653e\u5927\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u3001\u9057\u4f20\u7684\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff09\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u503e\u5411\u88ab\u653e\u5927\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u5171\u540c\u6743\u5229\u548c\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002 \u5728\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6b63\u786e\u4f7f\u7528\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e58\u6570\u6548\u679c\u3002 \u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5e94\u7528\u653e\u5927\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u884c\u4e3a\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e58\u6570\u6548\u5e94\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5316\u6d4b\u9a8c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u7acb\u5373\u53cd\u9988\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u53c2\u8003\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4ee5\u91cd\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u653e\u5927\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u7279\u5f81\u3002 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5b66\u4e60\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u6b23\u8d4f\u53cd\u9988\u548c\u8bc4\u8bba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002 Brothen (1996a) \u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728 PSI \u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97 A \u7ea7\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u80fd\u529b\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e F \u5b66\u751f\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u91cd\u65b0\u6d4b\u8bd5\u9009\u9879\u548c\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u3002 \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u8fdb\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002 Brothen (1996b) \u8868\u660e\uff0c\u88ab\u8bf1\u5bfc\u5728\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5316\u6210\u7ee9\u4e66\u4e0a\u5ba1\u67e5\u5176\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8fdb\u5ea6\u7684\u53d1\u80b2\u5b66\u751f\u6982\u62ec\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5316\u5b9e\u8df5\u671f\u672b\u8003\u8bd5\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u5177\u81ea\u6211\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u73ed\u540c\u73ed\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u5e74\u7ea7 \u4e66\u3002 \u76d1\u63a7\u6210\u7ee9\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u6210\u500d\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u671f\u672b\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5206\u6570\u548c\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002 \u540c\u6837\uff0cBrothen (1994) \u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u8bf1\u5bfc\u53d1\u5c55\u578b\u5b66\u751f\u53c2\u52a0\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5316\u5b9e\u8df5\u671f\u672b\u8003\u8bd5\u4ee5\u66f4\u81ea\u6211\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u671f\u672b\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u671f\u672b\u8003\u8bd5\u6210\u7ee9\u6bd4\u4ee5\u524d\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u73ed\u7ea7\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u9ad8\u51fa 12 \u5206\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5728\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u6210\u529f\u65b9\u9762\u5bfb\u627e\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002 \u5b66\u751f\u5e94\u8be5\u5b66\u4e60\u66f4\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u6210\u957f\u4e3a\u575a\u6301\u8ffd\u6c42\u5b66\u4e1a\u6210\u529f\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8c03\u8282\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cBrothen (1996a) \u8868\u660e\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97 A \u7ea7\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u578b\u5b66\u751f\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u63a5\u53d7 FS \u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u533a\u522b\u662f\u575a\u6301\u8fd9\u9879\u4efb\u52a1\u5e76\u5b8c\u6210\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6280\u672f\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u3002 Kipnis (1997) \u5c06\u6280\u672f\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u4f7f\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ea7\u751f\u9884\u671f\u6548\u679c\u201d\uff08\u7b2c 208 \u9875\uff09\u3002 \u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6700\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6280\u672f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u4eba\u4eec\u63a8\u5411\u9884\u671f\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u6765\u6784\u5efa\u5b66\u4e60\u73af\u5883\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ece\u4e8b\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u6539\u53d8\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002 \u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u6280\u672f\u6765\u6559\u6388\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u59cb\u7ec8\u5e94\u9996\u5148\u56de\u7b54\u5b83\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5b66\u751f\u6210\u957f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5e76\u575a\u6301\u5230\u6210\u529f\u3002 \u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u624d\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u8f6c\u53d8\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u73ed\u675c\u62c9\uff0cA.\uff081986 \u5e74\uff09\u3002 \u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u7840\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba4\u77e5\u7406\u8bba\u3002 \u65b0\u6cfd\u897f\u5dde\u6069\u683c\u5c14\u4f0d\u5fb7\u60ac\u5d16\uff1aPrentice-Hall\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8d1d\u56e0\u65af\uff0cB. (1992)\u3002 \u6052\u5e38\u548c\u53d8\u5316\uff1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u671f\u520a\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u3002 \u5728 A. Puente\u3001J. Matthews \u548c &amp; C. Brewer (Eds.)\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u5b66\uff1a\u5386\u53f2\uff08\u7b2c 525-551 \u9875\uff09\u3002 \u534e\u76db\u987f\u7279\u533a\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5e03\u9c81\u59c6\uff0cB. (1968)\u3002 \u638c\u63e1\u5b66\u4e60\uff08\u8bc4\u4f30\u8bc4\u8bba 1\uff0c\u4e34\u65f6\u62a5\u544a #2\uff09\u3002 \u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\uff1a\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u5206\u6821\uff0c\u6559\u5b66\u9879\u76ee\u8bc4\u4f30\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u535a\u7eb3\u59c6\uff0cB. (1990)\u3002 \u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u5bf9 James A. Kulik \u7684\u91c7\u8bbf\u3002 \u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c13(3),16-18\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u535a\u514b\uff0cA.\uff081997\uff09\u3002 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u672a\u6765\u3002 \u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u6280\u672f\u89c6\u91ce\uff0c24\uff0811\uff09\uff0c69-77\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\uff0cT. (1992)\u3002 \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u5185\u5bb9\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c15(3), 32-35\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Brothen, T. (1994)\u3002 \u4e00\u79cd\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u7684\u953b\u70bc\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u81ea\u6211\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u3002 \u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c18(2), 18-21\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\uff0cT. (1995)\u3002 \u4f7f\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u57fa\u4e8e\u6587\u672c\u7684\u521b\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002 \u5728 T. Sechrest, M.Thomas, &amp; N. Estes (Eds.)\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u6559\u80b2\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\uff1a\u6574\u5408\u6280\u672f\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5377\u3002 1. \u5fb7\u514b\u8428\u65af\u5dde\u5965\u65af\u6c40\uff1a\u5fb7\u514b\u8428\u65af\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5e03\u6717\uff0cT. (1996a)\u3002 \u5728\u9762\u5411\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8f85\u52a9\u638c\u63e1\u5b66\u4e60\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6bd4\u8f83\u975e\u8868\u73b0\u8005\u548c\u9ad8\u7ee9\u6548\u8005\u3002 \u7814\u7a76\u4e0e \u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u6559\u5b66\uff0c13, 69-73\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5e03\u6717\uff0cT. (1996b)\u3002 \u4e00\u672c\u5b66\u751f\u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5316\u6210\u7ee9\u4e66\uff0c\u53ef\u4fc3\u8fdb\u81ea\u6211\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u884c\u4e3a\u3002 \u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u5b66\uff0c23, 127-130\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5e03\u7f57\u7279\uff0cT. (1997)\u3002 \u8bfe\u7a0b\u8f6c\u578b \u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u6280\u672f\uff1a\u6765\u81ea\u56fd\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u548c\u5efa\u8bae\u3002 \u7b2c 14 \u5c4a\u56fd\u9645\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\uff0c\u632a\u5a01\u5965\u65af\u9646\uff0c1, 55-57\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5e93\u4ec0\uff0cD.\uff0c&amp; Buskist, W. (1997)\u3002 \u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u7684\u672a\u6765\uff1a\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u5546\u8c03\u67e5\u3002 \u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u5b66\uff0c24, 119-122\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\uff0cR.\uff081985 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e94\u6708\uff09\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u6559\u5b66\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u5b66\u5230\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e2d\u90e8\u57c3\u6587\u65af\u7ef4\u5c14\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4f0a\u5229\uff0cD. (1996)\u3002 \u6559\u80b2\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002 \u7ebd\u7ea6\u5dde\u9521\u62c9\u4e18\u5179\uff1a\u96ea\u57ce\u5927\u5b66\u57c3\u91cc\u514b\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea4\u6362\u6240 \u6280\u672f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Gebelt, J., Parilis, G., Kramer, D., &amp; \u5a01\u5c14\u900a\uff0cP.\uff081996 \u5e74\uff09\u3002 \u5927\u578b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4fdd\u7559\uff1a\u5c06\u6280\u80fd\u4e0e\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5185\u5bb9\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002 \u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c20\uff081\uff09\uff0c2-10\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u970d\u6069\u6bd4, P., &amp; \u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\uff0cM. (1990)\u3002 \u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u5b66\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7efc\u8ff0\u3002 \u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u4eea\u5668\u548c \u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c22, 184-193\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u970d\u6069\u6bd4, P., &amp; \u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\uff0cM.\uff081996 \u5e74\uff09\u3002 \u5c06\u5b66\u751f\u653e\u5728\u9a7e\u9a76\u5ea7\u4e0a\uff1a\u4ee5\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u81ea\u5b9a\u8fdb\u5ea6\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002 \u6559\u80b2\u6280\u672f\u7cfb\u7edf\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c24, 173-179\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\uff0cL.\uff0c&amp; \u4f69\u96f7\u65af\uff0cS. (1996)\u3002 \u5e94\u5bf9\u6311\u6218\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u9879\u76ee [on-line][\/on-line] \u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u62a5\u544a\u3002 \u53ef\u7528\uff1ahttp:\/\/www.investlearning.com\/league.html<\/li>\n<li>\u51ef\u52d2\uff0cF. (1968)\u3002 \u518d\u89c1\u8001\u5e08&#8230;\u5e94\u7528\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c1, 79-89\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u51ef\u52d2\uff0cF. (1974)\u3002 \u5341\u5e74\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u6559\u5b66\u3002 \u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u5b66\uff0c1, 4-9\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u51ef\u52d2\uff0cF. (1985)\u3002 \u95ea\u7535\u51fb\u4e2d\u4e24\u6b21\u3002 \u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u5b66\uff0c12, 4-8\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u57fa\u666e\u5c3c\u65af\uff0cD. (1994)\u3002 \u5e7d\u7075\u3001\u5206\u7c7b\u5b66\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3002 \u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c52, 205-211\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u57fa\u666e\u5c3c\u65af\uff0cD. (1997)\u3002 \u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u884c\u4e3a\u6280\u672f\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8003\u8651\u3002 \u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c49, 165-172\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5e93\u5229\u514b\uff0cC.\uff0c\u5e93\u5229\u514b\uff0cJ.\uff0c&amp; Bangert-Drowns, R. (1990)\u3002 \u638c\u63e1\u5b66\u4e60\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff1a\u835f\u8403\u5206\u6790\u3002 \u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u56de\u987e\uff0c60, 265-299\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5e93\u5229\u514b\uff0cC.\uff0c\u5e93\u5229\u514b\uff0cJ.\uff0c&amp; \u79d1\u6069\uff0cP. (1979)\u3002 \u51ef\u52d2\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u6559\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed3\u679c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u835f\u8403\u5206\u6790\u3002 \u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c34, 307-318\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u83b1\u73c0\uff0cM.\uff0c&amp; \u53e4\u7279\u7eb3\uff0cJ. (1989)\u3002 \u513f\u7ae5\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff1a\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002 \u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c44, 170 -78\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ea6\u57fa\u5947\uff0cW. (1994)\u3002 \u6559\u5b66\u6280\u5de7\uff08\u7b2c 9 \u7248\uff09\u3002 \u5217\u514b\u661f\u6566\uff1aDC Heath &amp; \u516c\u53f8<\/li>\n<li>\u8fc8\u5c14\u65af\uff0cD. (1995)\u3002 \u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff08\u7b2c 4 \u7248\uff09\u3002 \u7ebd\u7ea6\uff1a\u503c\u5f97\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7eb8\u5f20\uff0cS. (1997)\u3002 \u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u7b97\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u5f97\u600e\u4e48\u6837\uff1f \u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u6280\u672f\u89c6\u91ce\uff0c24\uff0811\uff09\uff0c78-80\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7f57\u5bbe\uff0cA. (1976)\u3002 \u5927\u5b66\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6559\u5b66\u3002 \u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u56de\u987e\uff0c46, 313-354\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u745e\u6069\uff0cB. (1974)\u3002 PSI\uff0c\u51ef\u52d2\u7684\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u6559\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002 \u534e\u76db\u987f\u7279\u533a\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8212\u514b\uff0cD. (1990)\u3002 \u81ea\u6211\u8c03\u8282\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u8bbe\u5b9a\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u6548\u80fd\u611f\u3002 \u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c25, 71-86\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u65af\u91d1\u7eb3\uff0cB.F. (1984)\u3002 \u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u803b\u8fb1\u3002 \u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c39, 947-954\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u65af\u5854\u5c14\uff0cN.\uff0c\u8f9b\u666e\u68ee\uff0cM.\uff0c&amp; \u6d77\u8036\u65af\uff0cC. (1992)\u3002 \u9ad8\u98ce\u9669\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u6559\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5341\u9879\u5efa\u8bae\u3002 \u53d1\u5c55\u6559\u80b2\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c16(4), 2-10\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u65af\u6258\u6d1b\u592b\uff0cM.\uff0c&amp; \u6c99\u53d1\uff0cR. (1992)\u3002 \u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a\u8f6f\u4ef6\u76ee\u5f55\uff08\u7b2c 3 \u7248\uff09\u3002 \u534e\u76db\u987f\u7279\u533a\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\uff0cJ.W.\uff0c&amp; \u7f57\u5a01\u5c14\uff0cW. D. (1986)\u3002 \u5b66\u672f\u5b66\u4e60\uff1a\u5b66\u4e60\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002 \u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c21\u300119-41\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Twigg, C. (1994a)\u3002 \u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002 Educom \u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c29, 2-25\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Twigg, C. (1994b)\u3002 \u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u7ed3\u6784\u3002 Educom \u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c29\u300116-20\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Twigg, C. (1994c)\u3002 \u5bfc\u822a\u8fc7\u6e21\u3002 Educom \u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c29, 20-24\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9676\u5668\uff0cM.\uff0c&amp; \u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\uff0cD.\uff08\u7f16\u8f91\uff09\u3002 \uff081996\uff09\u3002 \u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u5b66\u793a\u8303\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u624b\u518c\u3002 \u65b0\u6cfd\u897f\u5dde\u9a6c\u74e6\uff1a\u52b3\u4f26\u65af\u00b7\u5384\u5c14\u9c8d\u59c6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\uff0cE. (1975)\u3002 \u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff1a\u65b0\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u3002 \u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u5dde\u5251\u6865\u5e02\uff1a\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u666e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9f50\u9ed8\u5c14\u66fc\uff0cB. (1989)\u3002 \u81ea\u6211\u8c03\u8282\u5b66\u672f\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba4\u77e5\u89c2\u70b9\u3002 \u6559\u80b2\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c81, 329-339\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u81f4\u8c22<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Thomas Brothen\uff0c\u660e\u5c3c\u82cf\u8fbe\u5927\u5b66\u666e\u901a\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u660e\u5c3c\u963f\u6ce2\u5229\u65af\u5e02Pleasant St. SE 128\u53f7\uff0c\u660e\u5c3c\u82cf\u8fbe\u5dde55455\uff09<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Reading Time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 2<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span>Reprinted from the&nbsp;Journal of Developmental Educat [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_locale":"zh_CN","_original_post":"https:\/\/cfder.org\/?p=157","footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-academic-support-design","zh-CN"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u6280\u672f\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7684\u6559\u5b66<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u63a2\u7d22\u6280\u672f\u521b\u65b0\u4f7f\u7528\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u53d1\u5c55\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u81ea\u6211\u8c03\u8282\u3001\u638c\u63e1\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u529f\u3002\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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